Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with abnormally high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) as its most prominent feature. During intestinal digestion, carbohydrates and protein are broken down into simple sugars and amino acids, respectively. The liver converts all of the sugars and some of the amino acids into glucose, simple sugar that is used for energy by every cell in the body. Glucose passes from the bloodstream into the cells with the help of insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas (a pear-shaped organ located just below the stomach). By attaching to receptor sites on the surface membrane of a cell, insulin promotes the movement of glucose transport proteins from the interior of the cell to its surface, where they bind with glucose and carry it into the cell. In diabetes mellitus, several problems may interfere with this process: pancreatic insulin production may be partially or completely impaired, or body cells may become unable to respond to normal amounts of insulin efficiently.

These underlying problems in fact distinguish the two main types of the diabetes. In type 1 diabetes mellitus. Also known as juvenile diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Type 1 diabetes develops suddenly and most commonly affects those under age 30; the average age onset is between 12 and 14. However, type 1 diabetes accounts for only about 5 percent of cases of diabetes mellitus. In the much more common type 2 diabetes mellitus, also known as adult onset diabetes, insulin production by the pancreas is only moderately reduced, but cells are unable to respond efficiently to insulin-a condition referred to as insulin resistance. The onset of type 2 diabetes is usually gradual and tends to affect people over age 40, particularly those who are overweight. Infrequently, and adult may develop type 1 diabetes.

In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the hyperglycemia leads to excretion of glucose in the urine and an accompanying increase in urine production. If inadequate amounts of insulin are administered to patients with type 1 diabetes, unrestrained release of fatty acids from adipose (fat) tissue leads to the overproduction of ketone bodies in the liver. Accumulation of ketone bodies can cause a life threatening condition known as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA may occasionally affect those with type 2 diabetes in periods when the body is highly stressed, for example during a severe infection.

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Thanks to john daniel for contributing this article to our Diabetes blog:

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Diabetes is a disease in which the body is unable to properly use the sugar called glucose to fuel our bodies for energy and growth the body needs. Virtually all of the food we consume is broken down into glucose sugar that enters into the bloodstream. The pancreas produces insulin which takes the glucose from the bloodstream into body cells, where it is then used for body fuel. If the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulins or the cells don’t use insulin properly, the glucose builds up in the bloodstream while the cells that fuel the body are starved of energy. Overtime, if not treated diabetes can lead to serious health complications such as risk for heart disease, kidney renal disease, blindness, and nerve problems.

There are three types of diabetes. Type 1 and 2 diabetes and gestational

diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes:

Type 1 of diabetes is more serious than type 2 diabetes, in that the pancreas can no longer produce insulin, which control blood sugar (glucose) resulting in having to take insulin shots or other medication for diabetes. Sometimes referred to as juvenile diabetes, type 1 diabetes, although developing most often in children and teenagers, type 1 diabetes can occur at any age. Early diagnosis is crucial in preventing other serious complications brought about by diabetes disease and the effects of diabetes, such as heart disease, chronic kidney disease, being blind, nerve damage, and high blood pressure level. Some symptoms for diabetes are:

* Loss of weight

* Fatique-no energy

* Excessive thirst

* Increase in appetite

* Vision eyesight blurred

* Frequent urinating

Type 2 diabetes:

Type 2 of diabetes is the more common form of diabeties and although there is no cure for type 2 diabetes it can usually be controlled by losing weight and getting rid of excess fat, exercise, and eating healthy foods. Those with type 2 diabetes are able to create insulin; however, the pancreas can’t create enough insulin for a healthy blood sugar level or a normal glucose range to enter body cells to be used for self energy. Some of the diabetes risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes are:

* Genetic ancestry: If a parent or sibling has diabetes two the risk is higher for another family member of getting the disease.

* Being overweight

* Type 2 diabetes increases with age 45 and up

* Race or ethnic background. The risk of type 2 diabetes is greater in Africans, Latin Americans, Native Americans and Asians

* Non active. Health and fitness exercise is important for keeping type 2 diabetes under control

* Elevated blood pressure

Gestational diabetes: what is gestational diabetes?

Gestational diabetes, sometimes called glucose intolerance pregnancy, affects women who have high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. Usually, for most women there are no signs of symptoms. Most women are routinely screened between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy with a gestational diabetes testing glucose screening test. Screening is usually done by what’s known as the oral glucose tolerance test. This test measures blood sugar glucose to see if the body is handling the breaking down of blood sugars. Controlling gestational diabetes consist of diet & nutrition and exercise.

With any one of these diabetes types, controlling diabetes with diet, exercise and keeping blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible is crucial for a diabetic.



Thanks to Lamar Deane for contributing this article to our Diabetes blog:

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Can you answer JThomas92’s question about Diabetes?:

I am 18 years old and have had Juvenile Diabetes for 12 years now and i do not seem to have a regular period! i am 5′6 and am not over weight at all! is this because of my Diabetes and if so what can be done about it?

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Can you answer Kerry S’s question about Diabetes?:

I just wanted to tell each and every one of you THANK YOU for your advise and taking the time. It has been very helpful.

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Can you answer maria’s question about Diabetes?:

i can drink a 12 pack and not feel anything. could my diabetes have anything to do with this?

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